GITR/GITRL Reverse Signaling Modulates the Proliferation of Hepatic Progenitor Cells by Recruiting ANXA2 to Phosphorylate ERK1/2 and Akt

The authors identified reverse signaling between glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor (GITR) and its ligand (GITRL) as a cross-interaction pathway between immune cells and hepatic stem/progenitor cells that restricted the expansion of hepatic stem/progenitor cells and reduced the possibility of carcinogenesis.