Salmonella Effector SseL Induces PD-L1 Up-Regulation and T Cell Inactivation via β-catenin Signaling Axis

Researchers revealed that PD-L1 upregulation caused by Salmonella infection was mediated by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 effectors, as PFA-fixed and STMΔssaV fail to alter PD-L1 levels.